Mesopotamian History
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Mesopotamian History begins with the rise of the Sumerian civilisation, which emerged during the Chalcolithic Period about 4500 BC, from the Ubaid culture. Mesopotamia, meaning "the land between the rivers," refers to the area of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, above the body of water known as the Persian Gulf. The establishment of complex city-states, advanced agricultural techniques, governance systems supported by cuneiform writing, and religious practices, laid the foundation for the empires that would follow in the region.