Mesopotamian History - Revision history

Tao alexis: /* Kassite Rule */

2025-01-14T16:03:47Z

Kassite Rule

Tao alexis at 05:48, 28 August 2023

2023-08-28T05:48:42Z

Tao alexis: /* Kassite Rule */

2023-08-21T21:51:13Z

Kassite Rule

Tao alexis: /* Kassite Rule */

2023-08-21T21:51:03Z

Kassite Rule

Tao alexis at 21:49, 21 August 2023

2023-08-21T21:49:31Z

Tao alexis: /* First Babylonian Dynasty */

2023-08-21T21:48:53Z

First Babylonian Dynasty

Tao alexis: /* New Sumerian Period */

2023-08-21T20:20:29Z

New Sumerian Period

Tao alexis: /* Akkadian Empire */

2023-08-21T19:53:57Z

Akkadian Empire

Tao alexis: /* Akkad */

2023-08-21T19:31:57Z

Akkad

Tao alexis: /* Early Dynastic Period */

2023-08-21T19:06:10Z

Early Dynastic Period

@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 See also,<br>
 [[Bronze Age]]<br>
-[[World History]]br
+[[World History]]

@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 See also,<br>
-[[Early Bronze Age]]<br>
+[[Bronze Age]]<br>
 [[World History]]br

@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 See also,<br>
-[[Early Bronze History]]<br>
+[[Early Bronze Age]]<br>
 [[World History]]br

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:51, 21 August 2023
Line 37:		Line 37:
	== Kassite Rule ==		== Kassite Rule ==
	Originating in the Zagros Mountains, the Kassites established a dynasty that would rule over Babylonia until the mid-12th century <small>BC</small>. Integrating themselves into Babylonian society, they adopted aspects of culture, religion and administrative practices. Trade continued, as did literature and culture — though to a lesser degree. Their priority was to maintain close ties to the Elamites and the Hittites. It too would face internal challenges and external pressures. The Elamites would eventually invade and weaken Kassite rule, eventually fading from power.		Originating in the Zagros Mountains, the Kassites established a dynasty that would rule over Babylonia until the mid-12th century <small>BC</small>. Integrating themselves into Babylonian society, they adopted aspects of culture, religion and administrative practices. Trade continued, as did literature and culture — though to a lesser degree. Their priority was to maintain close ties to the Elamites and the Hittites. It too would face internal challenges and external pressures. The Elamites would eventually invade and weaken Kassite rule, eventually fading from power.
		+
		+
		+	See also,<br>
		+	[[Early Bronze History]]<br>
		+	[[World History]]br

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 Though not of royal blood, Sargon also proved a brilliant administrator; he established a centralised bureaucracy that helped control his conquests, while allowing for the allocation and resources and communication throughout the empire.  The diffusion of ideas, technologies and goods contributed to a more integrated and interconnected empire.  The establishment of one code of writing, the bringing together of diverse religious practices and the pacification of trade networks made Akkad rich and benefited all Mesopotamia.
-Following Sargon's death, however, the empire began to come apart.  The rulers who followed Sargon were weak and incapable; disputes in the succession meant many short-lived rulers, while power struggles among the elites destabilised the power structure.  In truth, the empire was overextended; maintaining control over such a vast territory strained the state's resources.  Akkad found itself pressed on every side, particularly the kingdom of Elam to the east.  Coupled with internal unrest, any disruption in the food supply — which did happen when droughts occurred — built up a strong sentiment against the empire.  The southern cities revolted, and though the rebellion was put down, such events foretold the empire's collapse.
+Following Sargon's death, however, the empire began to come apart.  The rulers who followed Sargon were weak and incapable; disputes in the succession meant many short-lived rulers, while power struggles among the elites destabilised the power structure.  In truth, the empire was overextended; maintaining control over such a vast territory strained the state's resources.  Akkad found itself pressed on every side, particularly the kingdom of '''Elam''' to the east.  Coupled with internal unrest, any disruption in the food supply — which did happen when droughts occurred — built up a strong sentiment against the empire.  The southern cities revolted, and though the rebellion was put down, such events foretold the empire's collapse.
 == New Sumerian Period ==
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 During the Babylonian dynasty that followed, great advances were made in mathematics and astronomy; in dikes, canals and crop rotation; and in medicine and healing.  Babylon's central location, supported by a sophisticate economic system, including standarised weights and measures, made it ideal as a centre of trade.  These adaptations would influence later subsequent civilisations, even though Babylon itself would not survive for two centuries.
-Experiencing much the same internal unrest that Akkad had suffered, Babylon sustained invasions by other Amorites from the desert, from Elam, and from the Hittites and the Assyrians, a hill people in the north.  The final blow came when the Hittite king '''Mursili I''' sacked the city in 1595 <small>BC</small>.  The event hopelessly weakened the city; it would soon fall to the '''Kassites''', a non-Sumerian people, who seized the opportunity to rule themselves.
+Experiencing much the same internal unrest that Akkad had suffered, Babylon sustained invasions by other Amorites from the desert, from Elam, and from the '''Hittites''' and the '''Assyrians''', a hill people in the north.  The final blow came when the Hittite king '''Mursili I''' sacked the city in 1595 <small>BC</small>.  The event hopelessly weakened the city; it would soon fall to the '''Kassites''', a non-Sumerian people, who seized the opportunity to rule themselves.
 == Kassite Rule ==
 Originating in the Zagros Mountains, the Kassites established a dynasty that would rule over Babylonia until the mid-12th century <small>BC</small>.  Integrating themselves into Babylonian society, they adopted aspects of culture, religion and administrative practices.  Trade continued, as did literature and culture — though to a lesser degree.  Their priority was to maintain close ties to the Elamites and the Hittites.  It too would face internal challenges and external pressures.  The Elamites would eventually invade and weaken Kassite rule, eventually fading from power.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:48, 21 August 2023
Line 29:		Line 29:

	== First Babylonian Dynasty ==		== First Babylonian Dynasty ==
−	'''Hammurabi'''	+	'''Hammurabi''' of Babylon, descended from Amorites, in 1792 <small>BC</small> embarked upon a series of military campaigns and diplomatic efforts to expand his realm. The territory was expanded to include much of Mesopotamia. His '''Code of Hammurabi''' would establish one of the earliest known legal systems in history, containing a comprehensive set of laws covering various aspects of life, including commerce, property, family and criminal offenses. He established a system of governance that included regional officials, governors and administrators; built temples, walls and irrigation systems; and established Babylon as a centre of learning and religious activity. He died in 1750 <small>BC</small>.
		+
		+	During the Babylonian dynasty that followed, great advances were made in mathematics and astronomy; in dikes, canals and crop rotation; and in medicine and healing. Babylon's central location, supported by a sophisticate economic system, including standarised weights and measures, made it ideal as a centre of trade. These adaptations would influence later subsequent civilisations, even though Babylon itself would not survive for two centuries.
		+
		+	Experiencing much the same internal unrest that Akkad had suffered, Babylon sustained invasions by other Amorites from the desert, from Elam, and from the Hittites and the Assyrians, a hill people in the north. The final blow came when the Hittite king '''Mursili I''' sacked the city in 1595 <small>BC</small>. The event hopelessly weakened the city; it would soon fall to the '''Kassites''', a non-Sumerian people, who seized the opportunity to rule themselves.
		+
		+	== Kassite Rule ==
		+	Originating in the Zagros Mountains, the Kassites established a dynasty that would rule over Babylonia until the mid-12th century <small>BC</small>. Integrating themselves into Babylonian society, they adopted aspects of culture, religion and administrative practices. Trade continued, as did literature and culture — though to a lesser degree. Their priority was to maintain close ties to the Elamites and the Hittites. It too would face internal challenges and external pressures. The Elamites would eventually invade and weaken Kassite rule, eventually fading from power.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:20, 21 August 2023
Line 23:		Line 23:

	== New Sumerian Period ==		== New Sumerian Period ==
−	This ~~brief~~ period between 2112 and ~~2004~~ <small>BC</small> saw the return of disunity in Sumeria. ~~The~~ city-state of Ur emerged as the prominent political and cultural centre.	+	This period between 2112 and 1763 <small>BC</small> saw the return of disunity in Sumeria. At first, the city-state of Ur emerged as the prominent political and cultural centre. Agriculture became better organisation, while the legal code of "Ur-Nammu," king of Ur, dealt with property rights, marriage and criminal offenses. This served as a precursor for later codes. Unfortunately, Ur could not establish a hegemony over its Mesotamian neighbours. It would be replaced in prominence by the city of Isin, beginning in 2017 <small>BC</small>, whose rulers sought to reunify and restore older Sumerian culture and traditions.
		+
		+	[[File:Mesopotamia 03.jpg\|right\|350px\|thumb]]
		+	Isin's decline after 1924 <small>BC</small> enabled the growth of another city-state, Larsa. Through military campaigns and alliances, this city tried to consolidate it's power without complete success. Thus in the period, no city was able to maintain long-lasting dominance. The complex web of alliances, rivalries and war steadily weakened the region as a whole. At this same time, the Amorites, a semitic peoples from the west, migrated into Mesopotamia and established themselves in various parts, including '''Babylon'''.
		+
		+	== First Babylonian Dynasty ==
		+	'''Hammurabi'''

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:53, 21 August 2023
Line 16:		Line 16:

	== Akkadian Empire ==		== Akkadian Empire ==
		+	The '''Akkadian Empire''', centered around the city-state of Akkad, was founded by '''Sargon''' around 2334 <small>BC</small>. It lasted until 2154 <small>BC</small>. Taking advantage of the power struggles between other city-states, fragmenting Mesopotamia, Sargon conducted a series of successful military campaigns that established Akkad's hegemony. With successes, he was able to expand his army into a formidable fighting force, as it was composed of Akkadian soldiers and those of conquered cities. The empire marked an important milestone, demonstrating that large-scale unification was possible within Mesopotamia.
		+
		+	Though not of royal blood, Sargon also proved a brilliant administrator; he established a centralised bureaucracy that helped control his conquests, while allowing for the allocation and resources and communication throughout the empire. The diffusion of ideas, technologies and goods contributed to a more integrated and interconnected empire. The establishment of one code of writing, the bringing together of diverse religious practices and the pacification of trade networks made Akkad rich and benefited all Mesopotamia.
		+
		+	Following Sargon's death, however, the empire began to come apart. The rulers who followed Sargon were weak and incapable; disputes in the succession meant many short-lived rulers, while power struggles among the elites destabilised the power structure. In truth, the empire was overextended; maintaining control over such a vast territory strained the state's resources. Akkad found itself pressed on every side, particularly the kingdom of Elam to the east. Coupled with internal unrest, any disruption in the food supply — which did happen when droughts occurred — built up a strong sentiment against the empire. The southern cities revolted, and though the rebellion was put down, such events foretold the empire's collapse.
		+
		+	== New Sumerian Period ==
		+	This brief period between 2112 and 2004 <small>BC</small> saw the return of disunity in Sumeria. The city-state of Ur emerged as the prominent political and cultural centre.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:31, 21 August 2023
Line 15:		Line 15:
	The construction of elaborate temples and ziggurats continued, as pottery, metalwork, sculpture and architectural design all thrived. Small scale conflicts arose from territorial disputes over land, water sources and agricultural areas. Some states sought to exert dominance over other states — but a series of alliances assured that no single city-state could assert itself through military engagements. Nonetheless, fortifications proliferated and the importance of the ruler expanded as one who led the city in battle.		The construction of elaborate temples and ziggurats continued, as pottery, metalwork, sculpture and architectural design all thrived. Small scale conflicts arose from territorial disputes over land, water sources and agricultural areas. Some states sought to exert dominance over other states — but a series of alliances assured that no single city-state could assert itself through military engagements. Nonetheless, fortifications proliferated and the importance of the ruler expanded as one who led the city in battle.

−	== ~~Akkad~~ ==	+	== Akkadian Empire ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:06, 21 August 2023
Line 14:		Line 14:
	[[File:Ancient Lagash.jpg\|left\|350\|thumb\|Ancient Lagash]]		[[File:Ancient Lagash.jpg\|left\|350\|thumb\|Ancient Lagash]]
	The construction of elaborate temples and ziggurats continued, as pottery, metalwork, sculpture and architectural design all thrived. Small scale conflicts arose from territorial disputes over land, water sources and agricultural areas. Some states sought to exert dominance over other states — but a series of alliances assured that no single city-state could assert itself through military engagements. Nonetheless, fortifications proliferated and the importance of the ruler expanded as one who led the city in battle.		The construction of elaborate temples and ziggurats continued, as pottery, metalwork, sculpture and architectural design all thrived. Small scale conflicts arose from territorial disputes over land, water sources and agricultural areas. Some states sought to exert dominance over other states — but a series of alliances assured that no single city-state could assert itself through military engagements. Nonetheless, fortifications proliferated and the importance of the ruler expanded as one who led the city in battle.
		+
		+	== Akkad ==